CVE-2022-49999: btrfs: fix space cache corruption and potential double allocations

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

btrfs: fix space cache corruption and potential double allocations

When testing spacecache v2 on a large set of machines, we encountered a few symptoms:

1. "unable to add free space :-17" (EEXIST) errors. 2. Missing free space info items, sometimes caught with a "missing free space info for X" error. 3. Double-accounted space: ranges that were allocated in the extent tree and also marked as free in the free space tree, ranges that were marked as allocated twice in the extent tree, or ranges that were marked as free twice in the free space tree. If the latter made it onto disk, the next reboot would hit the BUGON() in addnewfreespace(). 4. On some hosts with no on-disk corruption or error messages, the in-memory space cache (dumped with drgn) disagreed with the free space tree.

All of these symptoms have the same underlying cause: a race between caching the free space for a block group and returning free space to the in-memory space cache for pinned extents causes us to double-add a free range to the space cache. This race exists when free space is cached from the free space tree (spacecache=v2) or the extent tree (nospacecache, or spacecache=v1 if the cache needs to be regenerated). struct btrfsblockgroup::lastbytetounpin and struct btrfsblockgroup::progress are supposed to protect against this race, but commit d0c2f4fa555e ("btrfs: make concurrent fsyncs wait less when waiting for a transaction commit") subtly broke this by allowing multiple transactions to be unpinning extents at the same time.

Specifically, the race is as follows:

1. An extent is deleted from an uncached block group in transaction A. 2. btrfscommittransaction() is called for transaction A. 3. btrfsrundelayedrefs() -> btrfsfreeextent() runs the delayed ref for the deleted extent. 4. btrfsfreeextent() -> dofreeextentaccounting() -> addtofreespacetree() adds the deleted extent back to the free space tree. 5. dofreeextentaccounting() -> btrfsupdateblockgroup() -> btrfscacheblockgroup() queues up the block group to get cached. blockgroup->progress is set to blockgroup->start. 6. btrfscommittransaction() for transaction A calls switchcommitroots(). It sets blockgroup->lastbytetounpin to blockgroup->progress, which is blockgroup->start because the block group hasn't been cached yet. 7. The caching thread gets to our block group. Since the commit roots were already switched, loadfreespacetree() sees the deleted extent as free and adds it to the space cache. It finishes caching and sets blockgroup->progress to U64MAX. 8. btrfscommittransaction() advances transaction A to TRANSSTATESUPERCOMMITTED. 9. fsync calls btrfscommittransaction() for transaction B. Since transaction A is already in TRANSSTATESUPERCOMMITTED and the commit is for fsync, it advances. 10. btrfscommittransaction() for transaction B calls switchcommitroots(). This time, the block group has already been cached, so it sets blockgroup->lastbytetounpin to U64MAX. 11. btrfscommittransaction() for transaction A calls btrfsfinishextentcommit(), which calls unpinextentrange() for the deleted extent. It sees lastbytetounpin set to U64MAX (by transaction B!), so it adds the deleted extent to the space cache again!

This explains all of our symptoms above:

If the sequence of events is exactly as described above, when the free space is re-added in step 11, it will fail with EEXIST. If another thread reallocates the deleted extent in between steps 7 and 11, then step 11 will silently re-add that space to the space cache as free even though it is actually allocated. Then, if that space is allocated again, the free space tree will be corrupted (namely, the wrong item will be deleted). If we don't catch this free space tree corr ---truncated---