CVE-2026-110910: qs.stringify with allowEmptyArrays does not encode the keys of empty arrays, allowing query string parameter injection

Summary

qs.stringify with allowEmptyArrays: true writes the key of an empty array without encoding it, even though keys are encoded by default. A key that contains & (or the configured delimiter), =, or # ∴ becomes query string syntax instead of data, so a caller-supplied key name can add parameters to the serialized query string, or cut it short.

Details

In lib/stringify.js, the allowEmptyArrays branch returns adjustedPrefix + '[]' early, before the code that passes every other key through encoder and formatter. So { "x&k=v": ["1"] } serializes as x%26k%3Dv%5B0%5D=1, but { "x&k=v": [] } serializes as x&k=v[]. The early return applies at any depth ({ "a": { "b&k=v": [] } } gives a[b&k=v][]), under every arrayFormat, with allowDots, and with a custom encoder, which is never called for that key. With encode: false or encodeValuesOnly: true, keys are intentionally left unencoded on every path; those configurations are not affected.

PoC

js

var qs = require("qs");

var query = qs.stringify({ q: "hi", "x&apiKey=evil&y": [] }, { allowEmptyArrays: true });

// "q=hi&x&apiKey=evil&y[]"

qs.parse(query);

// { q: "hi", x: "", apiKey: "evil", y: [""] }

qs.stringify({ "x#": [], z: "1" }, { allowEmptyArrays: true });

// "x#[]&z=1": in a URL, everything after "#" becomes the fragment

Fix

Applied in 234d505 on main and released as v6.17.0: the key of an empty array goes through encoder and formatter exactly as the key of any other value does, so { "x&apiKey=evil&y": [] } now serializes as x%26apiKey%3Devil%26y[]. Keys that need no encoding serialize as before, with two exceptions that match every other path: the brackets of a nested key are now encoded (a[b][] becomes a%5Bb%5D[], which qs.parse reads identically), and with encodeDotInKeys, a dot in the key becomes %252E instead of %2E (which decodeDotInKeys previously misread as nesting).

Affected versions

>=6.12.0 <6.17.0, fixed in v6.17.0.

allowEmptyArrays was introduced in f22b2bc and first shipped in v6.12.0, with this early return. Every release from v6.12.0 through v6.16.1 is affected. Earlier versions have no allowEmptyArrays option and are not affected.

Impact

An application that passes an object whose key names come from untrusted input to qs.stringify with allowEmptyArrays: true (for example, to forward a parsed JSON body or user-selected fields to an upstream service) can have parameters injected into the resulting query string. The injected parameters are not keys of the object, so deleting or overwriting a key on the object (such as setting a trusted apiKey after copying the user's fields) does not remove them; whether the attacker's value or the application's wins depends on how the receiving side handles a duplicate parameter. A # in such a key ends the query string early when the result is placed in a URL. allowEmptyArrays is off by default, and only keys whose value (after any filter) is an empty array are affected.