CVE-2026-3351: Authorization Bypass in LXD GET /1.0/certificates Endpoint

Summary The GET /1.0/certificates endpoint (non-recursive mode) returns URLs containing fingerprints for all certificates in the trust store, bypassing the per-object canview authorization check that is correctly applied in the recursive path. Any authenticated identity — including restricted, non-admin users — can enumerate all certificate fingerprints, exposing the full set of trusted identities in the LXD deployment.

Affected Component - lxd/certificates.go — certificatesGet (lines 185–192) — Non-recursive code path returns unfiltered certificate list.

CWE - CWE-862: Missing Authorization

Description

Core vulnerability: missing permission filter in non-recursive listing path

The certificatesGet handler obtains a permission checker at line 143 and correctly applies it when building the recursive response (lines 163-176). However, the non-recursive code path at lines 185-192 creates a fresh loop over the unfiltered baseCerts slice, completely bypassing the authorization check:

go // lxd/certificates.go:139-193 func certificatesGet(d Daemon, r http.Request) response.Response { recursion := util.IsRecursionRequest(r) s := d.State()

userHasPermission, err := s.Authorizer.GetPermissionChecker(r.Context(), auth.EntitlementCanView, entity.TypeCertificate) // ...

for , baseCert := range baseCerts { if !userHasPermission(entity.CertificateURL(baseCert.Fingerprint)) { continue // Correctly filters unauthorized certs }

if recursion { // ... builds filtered certResponses ... } // NOTE: when !recursion, nothing is recorded — the filter result is discarded }

if !recursion { body := []string{} for , baseCert := range baseCerts { // <-- iterates UNFILTERED baseCerts certificateURL := api.NewURL().Path(version.APIVersion, "certificates", baseCert.Fingerprint).String() body = append(body, certificateURL) } return response.SyncResponse(true, body) // Returns ALL certificate fingerprints }

return response.SyncResponse(true, certResponses) // Recursive path is correctly filtered }

Inconsistency with other list endpoints confirms the bug

Five other list endpoints in the same codebase correctly filter results in both recursive and non-recursive paths:

| Endpoint | File | Filters non-recursive? | |----------|------|----------------------| | Instances | lxd/instancesget.go — instancesGet | Yes — filters before either path | | Images | lxd/images.go — doImagesGet | Yes — checks hasPermission for both paths | | Networks | lxd/networks.go — networksGet | Yes — filters outside recursion check | | Profiles | lxd/profiles.go — profilesGet | Yes — separate filter in non-recursive path | | Certificates | lxd/certificates.go — certificatesGet | No — unfiltered |

The certificates endpoint is the sole outlier, confirming this is an oversight rather than a design choice.

Access handler provides no defense

The endpoint uses allowAuthenticated as its AccessHandler (certificates.go:45), which only checks requestor.IsTrusted():

go // lxd/daemon.go:255-267 // allowAuthenticated is an AccessHandler which allows only authenticated requests. // This should be used in conjunction with further access control within the handler // (e.g. to filter resources the user is able to view/edit). func allowAuthenticated( Daemon, r http.Request) response.Response { requestor, err := request.GetRequestor(r.Context()) // ... if requestor.IsTrusted() { return response.EmptySyncResponse } return response.Forbidden(nil) }

The comment explicitly states that allowAuthenticated should be "used in conjunction with further access control within the handler" — which the non-recursive path fails to do.

Execution chain

1. Restricted authenticated user sends GET /1.0/certificates (no recursion parameter) 2. allowAuthenticated access handler passes because user is trusted (daemon.go:263) 3. certificatesGet creates permission checker for EntitlementCanView on TypeCertificate (line 143) 4. Loop at lines 163-176 filters baseCerts by permission — but only populates certResponses for recursive mode 5. Since !recursion, control reaches lines 185-192 6. New loop iterates ALL baseCerts (unfiltered) and builds URL list with fingerprints 7. Full list of certificate fingerprints returned to restricted user

Proof of Concept

bash Preconditions: restricted (non-admin) trusted client certificate HOST=target.example PORT=8443

1) Non-recursive list: returns ALL certificate fingerprints (UNFILTERED) curl -sk --cert restricted.crt --key restricted.key \ "https://${HOST}:${PORT}/1.0/certificates" | jq '.metadata | length'

2) Recursive list: returns only authorized certificates (FILTERED) curl -sk --cert restricted.crt --key restricted.key \ "https://${HOST}:${PORT}/1.0/certificates?recursion=1" | jq '.metadata | length'

Expected: (1) returns MORE fingerprints than (2), proving the authorization bypass. The difference reveals fingerprints of certificates the restricted user should not see.

Impact

- Identity enumeration: A restricted user can discover the fingerprints of all trusted certificates, revealing the complete set of identities in the LXD trust store. - Reconnaissance for targeted attacks: Fingerprints identify specific certificates used for inter-cluster communication, admin access, and other privileged operations. - RBAC bypass: In deployments using fine-grained RBAC (OpenFGA or built-in TLS authorization), the non-recursive path completely bypasses the intended per-object visibility controls. - Information asymmetry: Restricted users gain knowledge of the full trust topology, which the administrator explicitly intended to hide via per-certificate canview entitlements.

Recommended Remediation

Option 1: Apply the permission filter to the non-recursive path (preferred)

Replace the unfiltered loop with one that checks userHasPermission, matching the pattern used in the recursive path and in all other list endpoints:

go // lxd/certificates.go — replace lines 185-192 if !recursion { body := []string{} for , baseCert := range baseCerts { if !userHasPermission(entity.CertificateURL(baseCert.Fingerprint)) { continue } certificateURL := api.NewURL().Path(version.APIVersion, "certificates", baseCert.Fingerprint).String() body = append(body, certificateURL) } return response.SyncResponse(true, body) }

Option 2: Build both response types in a single filtered loop

Restructure the function to build both the URL list and the recursive response in the same permission-checked loop, eliminating the possibility of divergent filtering:

go err = d.State().DB.Cluster.Transaction(r.Context(), func(ctx context.Context, tx db.ClusterTx) error { baseCerts, err = dbCluster.GetCertificates(ctx, tx.Tx()) if err != nil { return err }

certResponses = make([]api.Certificate, 0, len(baseCerts)) certURLs = make([]string, 0, len(baseCerts)) for , baseCert := range baseCerts { if !userHasPermission(entity.CertificateURL(baseCert.Fingerprint)) { continue }

certURLs = append(certURLs, api.NewURL().Path(version.APIVersion, "certificates", baseCert.Fingerprint).String())

if recursion { apiCert, err := baseCert.ToAPI(ctx, tx.Tx()) if err != nil { return err } certResponses = append(certResponses, apiCert) urlToCertificate[entity.CertificateURL(apiCert.Fingerprint)] = apiCert } } return nil })

Option 2 is structurally safer as it prevents the two paths from diverging in the future.

Credit This vulnerability was discovered and reported by bugbunny.ai.