CVE-2026-48511: MessagePack-CSharp: ExpandoObject formatter can perform quadratic insertion work on untrusted maps

Summary

ExpandoObjectFormatter.Deserialize populates System.Dynamic.ExpandoObject by calling IDictionary<string, object>.Add for each map entry. ExpandoObject internally maintains member names in array-like structures, so inserting many distinct keys can require repeated linear scans and array copies.

For large attacker-controlled maps, this produces quadratic CPU and allocation behavior. The issue is especially surprising because ExpandoObjectResolver.Options is configured with MessagePackSecurity.UntrustedData, but collision-resistant dictionary comparers cannot protect ExpandoObject insertion internals.

Impact

Applications are affected when they deserialize untrusted MessagePack maps into ExpandoObject using ExpandoObjectResolver or related resolver options.

A hostile payload containing many distinct keys can cause CPU exhaustion and allocation churn disproportionate to the input size. This can make a server unresponsive or exhaust memory under concurrent request load.

This is not a hash-collision attack against a configurable dictionary comparer. The super-linear behavior comes from ExpandoObject's insertion model, so MessagePackSecurity.UntrustedData does not eliminate the cost.

Affected components

- Package: MessagePack - APIs: ExpandoObjectFormatter.Deserialize, ExpandoObjectResolver - Data type: System.Dynamic.ExpandoObject - Finding ID: MESSAGEPACKCSHARP-102

Patches

Fixes are prepared and will be released in coordinated patch versions.

Upgrade guidance:

1. Upgrade MessagePack to the patched version for your release line. 2. Upgrade companion MessagePack packages in the same dependency graph to the coordinated patched versions.

Potential fixes include applying a map-entry count limit for ExpandoObject under untrusted-data settings, buffering into a security-aware dictionary before materializing a bounded ExpandoObject, or otherwise rejecting maps large enough to trigger quadratic behavior.

Workarounds

Patching is recommended.

Until a patched version is available, avoid deserializing untrusted payloads into ExpandoObject. Prefer strongly typed DTOs or dictionaries with security-aware comparers and explicit count limits. Enforce request-size and map-entry limits at the transport or application layer.

Resources

- MESSAGEPACKCSHARP-102: ExpandoObjectFormatter quadratic insertion behavior - CWE-407: Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity