Default factory credentials with administrative access are enabled and persist even after configuring other administrator accounts.

Usernames and passwords, including the default factory credentials, are stored in plaintext within the configuration file. With administrator rights, the configuration file can be viewed through the CLI or they can be exported from the device through a TFTP transfer from the web interface. A TFTP transfer can be initiated through SNMP which does not require authentication.

No authentication is required when updating firmware or bootloader, making it easy for malicious files to be pushed to the device. Additionally, anyone with the same software can scan a network for N-Tron devices and push/pull firmware without authenticating by using SNMP/TFTP.

SNMP can be used to perform administrative actions such as retrieving configuration files, modifying user accounts or device settings, and initiating firmware or bootloader upgrades or downgrades—all without any authentication.

Usernames and passwords, including the default credentials, are stored in the configuration file using weak encryption. If the default credentials are known by a malicious user, they could obtain other credentials on the system.

A malicious user with physical access to the device can boot the switch from factory settings without authentication, use the default administrative credentials to obtain administrative access, and save changes to the configuration file so that they persist next time the switch boots normally.

Navigating to a certain URL on the switch’s web server causes the switch to reboot. This can be automated using a tool like curl to create DoS conditions where the switch constantly reboots.