Summary

SimpleSAMLphp's SAML SP ACS path does not enforce the IdP selected for an SP-initiated login. If a saved SP state contains ExpectedIssuer = IdP A, but the ACS receives a valid response from IdP B, the code logs a warning and continues processing instead of rejecting the response.

That behavior becomes security-relevant when combined with the response-processing rule that accepts an unsigned samlp:Response/@InResponseTo outside the signed assertion whenever the signed assertion's SubjectConfirmationData does not carry its own InResponseTo. A response issued by one trusted IdP can therefore be bound to SP state created for another IdP.

Impact

In a multi-IdP deployment, a lower-trust IdP can satisfy SP state created for a different expected IdP. This can bypass an SP flow that intentionally routes the user to a specific IdP, including deployments that set enableunsolicited to false to prevent IdP-initiated logins.

The impact is highest when the SP trusts multiple IdPs with different assurance levels, tenant boundaries, or attribute namespaces, and application authorization depends on the selected/expected IdP. In those deployments this is an authentication/authorization bypass candidate. Impact strongly depends on whether an attacker can obtain a signed IdP-initiated assertion from a lower-trust trusted IdP and whether the downstream application maps identifiers globally.

HTTPRedirect.php in the saml2 library in SimpleSAMLphp before 1.15.4 has an incorrect check of return values in the signature validation utilities, allowing an attacker to get invalid signatures accepted as valid by forcing an error during validation. This occurs because of a dependency on PHP functionality that interprets a -1 error code as a true boolean value.

The sqlauth module in SimpleSAMLphp before 1.15.2 relies on the MySQL utf8 charset, which truncates queries upon encountering four-byte characters. There might be a scenario in which this allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions.

Background An incorrect check of return values in the signature validation utilities allows an attacker to get invalid signatures accepted as valid by forcing an error during validation.

Description The SimpleSAMLXMLValidator class allows the verification of the XML digital signature of a SAML 1 message with a given key. In particular, the constructor of the class receives an XML node and a key to verify it and throws an exception in case there is an error, either caused by incorrect input or an invalid signature. This method uses the verify() method from the RobRichards\XMLSecDSig class to verify the signature with the given key, which in turn will end up calling opensslverify() depending on the signature algorithm used.

The opensslverify() function returns 1 when the signature was successfully verified, 0 if it failed to verify with the given key and -1 in case an error occurs. PHP allows translating numerical values to boolean implicitly, with the following correspondences:

- 0 equals false - Non-zero equals true

This means that an implicit conversion to boolean of the values returned by opensslverify() will convert an error state, signaled by the value -1, to successful verification of the signature (represented by the boolean true).

The aforementioned constructor was performing an implicit conversion to boolean of the values returned by the verify() method, which subsequently will return the same output as opensslverify() under most circumstances. This means an error during signature verification is treated as a successful verification by the method.

Affected versions All SimpleSAMLphp versions prior to 1.14.11.

Impact Upon successful exploitation, an invalid signature would be regarded as valid by an affected version of the software. This allows attackers to modify or manually craft SAML 1 response messages and, by triggering a signature validation error in the affected party, get those messages accepted as valid and coming from a trusted entity. In practice, this means full capabilities to impersonate any individual at a given service provider.

The issue can be exploited to get other invalid messages accepted as valid, though the security implications there are minor.

In order to exploit the issue, SAML 1.1 metadata must be registered by the vulnerable Service Provider for the Identity Provider targeted by the attacker (in metadata/shib13-idp-remote.php), and an incorrect context must be fed to the signature validation routines, or an exceptional error must be triggered. So far, the following cases have been identified:

- Using a DSA public key to validate an XML signature made with an RSA-related algorithm. - Using an RSA public key to validate an XML signature made with a DSA-related algorithm. - Exhausting available memory while verifying the signature.

SimpleSAMLphp does not support DSA signatures or keys. Therefore, it is not possible for an attacker to feed an incorrect context by sending a signature with an incorrect algorithm. Upon reception of a DSA-SHA1 signature, SimpleSAMLphp will refuse to perform the validation due to the algorithm not being supported. On the other hand, if an attacker manages to trick a service provider operator to change the public key associated to a certain IdP to a DSA key, signatures made with any combination of the RSA algorithm will be accepted, regardless of whether they are valid or not. This means some serious misconfiguration or social engineering is needed in this case for a successful attack.

Regarding memory exhaustion, it is in theory possible to attack a service provider causing the consumption of all available memory while a message with an invalid signature is being validated. However, memory exhaustion must happen only during signature validation and not immediately before or after. This means exploitation of this case is extremely difficult due to the small time window available for the attacker and the precise control that is needed over the service provider.

All in all, the consequences of this issue are critical, so even though we consider it difficult to exploit, and considering that other ways to trigger failures in signature validation could be possible but so far unidentified, we recommend updating the affected software as soon as possible.

Resolution Upgrade to the latest version.

Credit This security issue was discovered and reported on December 3, 2016 by Thijs Kinkhorst.

simplesamlphp before 1.6.3 (squeeze) and before 1.8.2 (sid) incorrectly handles XML encryption which could allow remote attackers to decrypt or forge messages.