• News/
  • https://www.theregister.com/2025/02/04/google_amd_microcode/

How to make any AMD Zen CPU always generate 4 from RDRAND

The Register
·
Iain Thomson
·
Published Feb 4, 2025
·
Updated

Googlers have not only figured out how to break AMD's security – allowing them to load unofficial microcode into its processors to modify the silicon's behavior as they wish – but also demonstrated this by producing a microcode patch that makes the chips always output 4 when asked for a random number. And this ability to change the microcode not only allows Google and others to customize the operation of their AMD chips, for good and non-good reasons, but it also smashes the Epyc maker's secure encrypted virtualization and root-of-trust security features. Microcode is a special block of programs typically loaded into a processor during system startup that defines the way the chip works. By providing microcode to users, AMD can add some features, fix certain issues, and extend some functionality without having to redesign and reissue the physical silicon. It is a patch that updates your chip – Intel has similar – and crucially only AMD is supposed to be able to produce working microcode updates for its products. AMD bakes a cryptographic security mechanism into its processors that checks a microcode update truly came from AMD before accepting it. The format of the microcode is also not documented publicly and is highly proprietary and protected. All of this is to stop someone from coming up with their own viable microcode and making an AMD processor do things it shouldn't or in a non-standard way. Well, the boffins at Google have discovered a way to craft their own microcode t...

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Affected Software

2 affected components
AMD EPYC
AMD CPUs
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Frequently Asked Questions

1

What is the main focus of the article?

The article discusses a discovery by Google researchers that enables the loading of unofficial microcode into AMD processors, impacting their security.

2

What security vulnerabilities are highlighted in the article?

The article highlights that the ability to modify AMD's microcode poses significant security risks, potentially allowing unauthorized behavior changes in CPU functions.

3

Which AMD products are affected by this security issue?

The affected AMD products include the AMD EPYC and AMD Ryzen CPUs.

4

Who discovered the method to alter AMD's microcode?

The method was discovered by researchers at Google.

5

What is the potential consequence of this microcode modification?

The potential consequence is that it could lead to a consistent output of '4' from the RDRAND instruction, undermining the integrity of random number generation.

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