Summary

Predictable secret ID and lack of secret origin API enable confused deputy attacks on Juju workloads.

Details

A Juju application can create a secret and grant it to another integrated application (grantee).

When they do so, the secret owner has to communicate the secret id to the grantee.

The grantee, having received the secret id can load the secret content and perform operations on behalf of the secret owner.

However, today the grantee has no way to determine which granted secret belongs to which owner.

Instead the grantee relies on: - being able to read the secret by id (secret was in fact granted, by some entity) - secret id was received over a relation (the remote end of the relation is presumed to be secret owner)

Additionally, secret IDs are XID, which are predictable, here two secrets created by two distinct apps in the same K8s model close in time: d34vsl7mp25c76301hs0 time (UTC): 2025-09-17 00:18:28 (Unix 1758068308) machine: f6c88a pid: 50072 counter: 6294648

d34vslfmp25c76301hsg time (UTC): 2025-09-17 00:18:29 (Unix 1758068309) machine: f6c88a pid: 50072 counter: 6294649

PoC

This allows for an IDOR attack where: - actors: - a Good application (the owner of the Victim), - an Evil application, and - a Provider application (the Confused Deputy) - relations: Good --- Provider, Evil --- Provider - secrets: Good and Evil create Secrets, granting them to the Provider and communicate Secret IDs with the Provider. - semantics: the Provider performs some operation on behalf of the Good/Evil using the Secret. - weakness 1: Evil can guess the Secret ID that Good granted and communicated to Provider. - weakness 2: Juju doesn't provide the Provider application the facility to verify the provenance of the Secret IDs. - exploit: Evil passes Good's secret id to Provider. - bypass: Provider performs evil operation with Good's Secret ID on behalf of Evil.

Evil could benefit by: - exfiltrating Good's Secret via reflection. - reading or mutating Good's resources accessible via Good's Secret.

Impact

This requires a complex setup.

Not all shared secrets are used like above, so an actual exploit requires a very specific relation interface, specific semantics of the data in the databag, and an administrator having a reasonable need to deploy two apps (one evil, one good) related to the same (third) provider app.

If exploited, it can be very hard to determine what went wrong after the fact.

Suggested remediation

1. Longer, random secret IDs

For example, if the secret id was extended with a 128-bit nonce, guessing a sibling secret ID would be infeasible, and an attack of this style would require another weakness (e.g. secret IDs exposed in logs)

2. Grantee secret API

Today, an app is not allowed to call secret-info-get on the granted secret. Additionally, granted secrets are not included in the secret-ids output.

Suppose that the Provider could run these hook tools: command (provider/0)> secret-ids my-own-secret-123

(provider/0)> secret-ids --grants good-secret-id-42 evil-secret-id-43

(provider/0)> secret-info-get good-secret-id-42 good-secret-id-42: revision: 1 label: "" owner: good grant-relation-id: 12 rotation: never

The Provider would then able to validate the secret ID it's about to use against: - the relation in which the secret ID has been passed (good relation 12 or evil relation 14) - the application or unit name of the secret owner (good or evil)

Summary

Grantee is able to update secret content using the secret-set tool due to broad Kubernetes access policy. Implications are that it is possible, knowing a Kubernetes secret identifier (e.g. name), to patch without affecting the secret, revealing the value, or, patching while affecting the secrets value.

Details

When a Juju secret is "granted" to an app, that app should be able to read the secret content but not modify it, and should be able to only read secrets that have been granted to it.

Authorization of the secret-set hook tool / controller request is not performed correctly, which allows the grantee to update the secret content and to read or affect other secrets.

PoC

Tested: - two applications in the same controller, same model: one owns the secret, another get a grant - relation between them - secret grant - Linux AMD64, Canonical K8s, Juju 3.6.8 controller, Juju 3.6.9 CLI

Not tested: - admin (user) secrets - cross-model relations - cross-controller relations

command ⋊> dima@bb ⋊> /c/hexanator on main ◦ juju exec --unit ingress2/0 "secret-add nice=little-value" secret://9cf1319c-4f4b-44f8-891b-9d1c7d8d3b52/d350nbnmp25c76301ht0 ⋊> dima@bb ⋊> /c/hexanator on main ◦ juju show-unit ingress2/0 ingress2/0: workload-version: 24.2.0 opened-ports: [] charm: ch:amd64/nginx-ingress-integrator-203 leader: true life: alive relation-info: - relation-id: 11 endpoint: ingress related-endpoint: ingress application-data: {} related-units: evilator/0: in-scope: true data: egress-subnets: 10.152.183.39/32 ingress-address: 10.152.183.39 private-address: 10.152.183.39 - relation-id: 10 endpoint: nginx-peers related-endpoint: nginx-peers application-data: {} local-unit: in-scope: true data: egress-subnets: 10.152.183.135/32 ingress-address: 10.152.183.135 private-address: 10.152.183.135 provider-id: ingress2-0 address: 10.1.0.100 ⋊> dima@bb ⋊> /c/hexanator on main ◦ juju exec --unit ingress2/0 "secret-grant d350nbnmp25c76301ht0 --relation 11" ⋊> dima@bb ⋊> /c/hexanator on main ◦ juju exec --unit evilator/0 "secret-set d350nbnmp25c76301ht0 nice=who-is-nice-now" updating secrets: permission denied ⋊> dima@bb ⋊> /c/hexanator on main ◦ juju exec --unit ingress2/0 "secret-get d350nbnmp25c76301ht0" nice: who-is-nice-now

When the grantee attempts to update the the granted secret:

- secret-set command logs an error, though returns OK return status - the secret value is updated - new secret revision is not created - new value is visible to both owner and grantee

Impact

- the application that owns the secret - a third application, if a secret is granted to multiple parties - any other application that has secrets in the same Kubernetes secret backend

A race condition in the secrets management subsystem of Juju versions 3.0.0 through 3.6.18 allows an authenticated unit agent to claim ownership of a newly initialized secret. Between generating a Juju Secret ID and creating the secret's first revision, an attacker authenticated as another unit agent can claim ownership of a known secret. This leads to the attacking unit being able to read the content of the initial secret revision.