An attacker can leverage sudo's -R (--chroot) option to run arbitrary commands as root, even if they are not listed in the sudoers file. Sudo versions 1.9.14 to 1.9.17 inclusive are affected.

A user could use shell injections with the Salt API using the SSH Client.

An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when an attacker establishes a vulnerable Netlogon secure channel connection to a domain controller, using the Netlogon Remote Protocol (MS-NRPC), aka 'Netlogon Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability'.

rcubeimage.php in Roundcube Webmail before 1.4.4 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via shell metacharacters in a configuration setting for imconvertpath or imidentifypath.

An issue was discovered in SaltStack Salt before 2019.2.4 and 3000 before 3000.2. The salt-master process ClearFuncs class does not properly validate method calls. This allows a remote user to access some methods without authentication. These methods can be used to retrieve user tokens from the salt master and/or run arbitrary commands on salt minions.

Apache Tomcat could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the system, caused by a file read/inclusion vulnerability in the AJP connector. By sending a specially-crafted request, an attacker could exploit this vulnerability to read web application files from a vulnerable server and upload malicious JavaServer Pages (JSP) code within a variety of file types and execute arbitrary code on the system.

Note: This vulnerability is known as Ghostcat.

It was discovered that the RMI (Java Remote Method Invocation) server implementation in the JMX (Java Management Extensions) component of OpenJDK did not restrict which classes can be deserialized when deserializing authentication credentials. A remote unauthenticated attacker able to connect to a JMX port could possibly use this flaw trigger deserialization flaws.