Fragnesia is a universal Linux local privilege escalation exploit, discovered by William Bowling with the V12 team. Fragnesia is a member of the Dirty Frag vulnerability class. This is a separate bug in the ESP/XFRM from dirtyfrag which has received its own patch. However, it is in the same surface and the mitigation is the same as for dirtyfrag.

It abuses a logic bug in the Linux XFRM ESP-in-TCP subsystem to achieve arbitrary byte writes into the kernel page cache of read-only files, without requiring any race condition.

The technique extends the page-cache write bug class that includes Dirty Pipe: when a TCP socket transitions to espintcp ULP mode after data has already been spliced from a file into the receive queue, the kernel processes the queued file pages as ESP ciphertext. The AES-GCM keystream byte at counter block position 2, byte 0 is XORed directly into the cached file page. By selecting the IV nonce to produce a desired keystream byte, any target byte in the file can be set to any value — one byte per trigger invocation.

The exploit builds a 256-entry lookup table mapping each possible keystream byte to its corresponding nonce, then iterates over a payload, firing the splice/ULP race for each byte that needs changing. It writes a small position-independent ELF stub (setresuid/setresgid/execve /bin/sh) over the first 192 bytes of /usr/bin/su in the page cache, then calls execve("/usr/bin/su") to obtain a root shell. The page cache modification is not backed to disk; the on-disk binary is untouched.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

A flaw was found in rsync which could be triggered when rsync compares file checksums. This flaw allows an attacker to manipulate the checksum length (s2length) to cause a comparison between a checksum and uninitialized memory and leak one byte of uninitialized stack data at a time.

Deserialization of untrusted data in Microsoft Entra ID allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.

Microsoft Windows Common Log File System Driver contains a privilege escalation vulnerability that could allow a local, privileged attacker to bypass certain security mechanisms.

Microsoft Windows Ancillary Function Driver for WinSock contains a use-after-free vulnerability that allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.

A flaw was found in rsync. It could allow a server to enumerate the contents of an arbitrary file from the client's machine. This issue occurs when files are being copied from a client to a server. During this process, the rsync server will send checksums of local data to the client to compare with in order to determine what data needs to be sent to the server. By sending specially constructed checksum values for arbitrary files, an attacker may be able to reconstruct the data of those files byte-by-byte based on the responses from the client.

crypto: algifaead - Revert to operating out-of-place

Accessibility. A logic issue was addressed with improved checks.

CVE-2025-48384 is regarding a vulnerability in Git where when reading a config value, Git strips any trailing carriage return and line feed (CRLF). When writing a config entry, values with a trailing CR are not quoted, causing the CR to be lost when the config is later read. When initializing a submodule, if the submodule path contains a trailing CR, the altered path is read resulting in the submodule being checked out to an incorrect location. If a symlink exists that points the altered path to the submodule hooks directory, and the submodule contains an executable post-checkout hook, the script may be unintentionally executed after checkout. GitHub created this CVE on their behalf. The documented Visual Studio updates incorporate updates in Git which address this vulnerability. Please see CVE-2025-48384 for more information.

A security regression (CVE-2006-5051) was discovered in OpenSSH's server (sshd). There is a race condition which can lead sshd to handle some signals in an unsafe manner. An unauthenticated, remote attacker may be able to trigger it by failing to authenticate within a set time period.

HID: core: zero-initialize the report buffer

Android contains an unspecified vulnerability in the kernel that allows for remote code execution. This vulnerability resides in Linux Kernel and could impact other products, including but not limited to Android OS.

Access of resource using incompatible type ('type confusion') in Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.

Microsoft SharePoint contains a weak authentication vulnerability which allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.

Deserialization of untrusted data in Microsoft Office SharePoint allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.

Deserialization of untrusted data in Microsoft Office SharePoint allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.

Active Directory Federation Services Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

Microsoft SharePoint contains a missing authentication for critical function vulnerability that allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.

A use-after-free flaw was found in nftables cross-table in the net/netfilter/nftablesapi.c function in the Linux kernel. This flaw allows a local, privileged attacker to cause a use-after-free problem at the time of table deletion, possibly leading to local privilege escalation.

Double free in Windows IKE Extension allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.

Accessibility. A privacy issue was addressed by removing sensitive data.

Microsoft Exchange Server contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for remote code execution. This vulnerability is part of the ProxyLogon exploit chain.

An authenticated attacker could leverage improper validation in cmdlet arguments within Microsoft Exchange and perform remote code execution.

A security feature bypass vulnerability in Microsoft Excel would allow a local user to perform arbitrary code execution.

Microsoft Active Directory Domain Services contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation.

Microsoft Active Directory Domain Services contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation.

Microsoft Windows Installer contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation.

Internet Explorer Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Microsoft Exchange Server contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for remote code execution. This vulnerability is part of the ProxyLogon exploit chain.