An information disclosure vulnerability in the URL Filtering feature of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated user with network access to obtain sensitive information.

Panorama is not impacted by this vulnerability.

An authentication bypass vulnerability in the network driver of Palo Alto Networks Prisma® Access Agent on Windows enables a local administrator to bypass security inspection, subsequently allowing them to inject and intercept arbitrary network traffic.

The Prisma Access Agent on Linux, macOS, iOS, Android, and Chrome OS is not affected.

A buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect™ app that enables a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacker or a rogue gateway to disrupt system processes and potentially execute arbitrary code with elevated privileges (SYSTEM privileges on Windows, and root privileges on macOS and Linux).

Improper certificate validation vulnerabilities in Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect™ app enable an unauthenticated attacker with man-in-the-middle (MitM) access to intercept and modify application communications. VPN tunnel traffic is not impacted.

The GlobalProtect app on iOS, Android, and Chrome OS is not affected.

A race condition in the Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect™ client on macOS enables a locally authenticated low-privileged attacker to escalate their privileges to root.

The GlobalProtect app on Linux, Windows, iOS, Android, and Chrome OS is not affected.

A vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks Prisma® Access Agent on Windows enables a local attacker with administrator privileges to bypass the anti-tamper protection, enabling unauthorized access to protected processes and files.

The Prisma Access Agent on Linux, macOS, iOS, Android, and Chrome OS is not affected.

An improper input validation vulnerability exists in the Windows Pre-Logon Access Provider (PLAP) component of the Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect™ app on Windows devices which enables a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacker to execute arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges on an affected client.

The GlobalProtect app on Linux, macOS, iOS, Android, and Chrome OS is not affected.

A privilege escalation (PE) vulnerability in the Palo Alto Networks Prisma® Access Agent app on Windows and macOS devices enables a local user to execute code with elevated privileges.

The Prisma Access Agent on Linux, iOS, Android, and ChromeOS is not affected.

Local privilege escalation vulnerabilities in the Palo Alto Networks GlobalProtect™ app enable a local user to escalate their privileges to NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM on Windows, and root on macOS and Linux. This enables a non-administrative user to execute arbitrary commands with administrative privileges.

The GlobalProtect app on iOS, Android, and Chrome OS is not affected.

An improper link resolution before file access vulnerability exists in the Palo Alto Networks Prisma® Access Agent on Linux platforms that enables a local low privileged user to delete system files in a limited scope and disable Prisma Access Agent.

The Prisma Access Agent on macOS, Windows, iOS, Android, and Chrome OS is not affected.

A security bypass vulnerability in the Account Protection feature of Palo Alto Networks Prisma® Browser enables a user to bypass intended security controls.

Palo Alto Networks incorporated the following Chromium security fixes into our products:

https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2025/10/stable-channel-update-for-desktop28.html

Summary

Terrapin is a prefix truncation attack targeting the SSH protocol. More precisely, Terrapin breaks the integrity of SSH's secure channel. By carefully adjusting the sequence numbers during the handshake, an attacker can remove an arbitrary amount of messages sent by the client or server at the beginning of the secure channel without the client or server noticing it.

Mitigations

To mitigate this protocol vulnerability, OpenSSH suggested a so-called "strict kex" which alters the SSH handshake to ensure a Man-in-the-Middle attacker cannot introduce unauthenticated messages as well as convey sequence number manipulation across handshakes.

Warning: To take effect, both the client and server must support this countermeasure.

As a stop-gap measure, peers may also (temporarily) disable the affected algorithms and use unaffected alternatives like AES-GCM instead until patches are available.

Details

The SSH specifications of ChaCha20-Poly1305 (chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com) and Encrypt-then-MAC (-etm@openssh.com MACs) are vulnerable against an arbitrary prefix truncation attack (a.k.a. Terrapin attack). This allows for an extension negotiation downgrade by stripping the SSHMSGEXTINFO sent after the first message after SSHMSGNEWKEYS, downgrading security, and disabling attack countermeasures in some versions of OpenSSH. When targeting Encrypt-then-MAC, this attack requires the use of a CBC cipher to be practically exploitable due to the internal workings of the cipher mode. Additionally, this novel attack technique can be used to exploit previously unexploitable implementation flaws in a Man-in-the-Middle scenario.

The attack works by an attacker injecting an arbitrary number of SSHMSGIGNORE messages during the initial key exchange and consequently removing the same number of messages just after the initial key exchange has concluded. This is possible due to missing authentication of the excess SSHMSGIGNORE messages and the fact that the implicit sequence numbers used within the SSH protocol are only checked after the initial key exchange.

In the case of ChaCha20-Poly1305, the attack is guaranteed to work on every connection as this cipher does not maintain an internal state other than the message's sequence number. In the case of Encrypt-Then-MAC, practical exploitation requires the use of a CBC cipher; while theoretical integrity is broken for all ciphers when using this mode, message processing will fail at the application layer for CTR and stream ciphers.

For more details see https://terrapin-attack.com.

Impact

This attack targets the specification of ChaCha20-Poly1305 (chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com) and Encrypt-then-MAC (-etm@openssh.com), which are widely adopted by well-known SSH implementations and can be considered de-facto standard. These algorithms can be practically exploited; however, in the case of Encrypt-Then-MAC, we additionally require the use of a CBC cipher. As a consequence, this attack works against all well-behaving SSH implementations supporting either of those algorithms and can be used to downgrade (but not fully strip) connection security in case SSH extension negotiation (RFC8308) is supported. The attack may also enable attackers to exploit certain implementation flaws in a man-in-the-middle (MitM) scenario.

Remote Code Execution in PAN-OS 7.1.18 and earlier, PAN-OS 8.0.11-h1 and earlier, and PAN-OS 8.1.2 and earlier with GlobalProtect Portal or GlobalProtect Gateway Interface enabled may allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to execute arbitrary code.

Multiple buffer overflow vulnerabilities in the User-ID Terminal Server Agent (TSA) component of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software allow an unauthenticated attacker with network access to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition or potentially execute arbitrary code by sending specially crafted network traffic.

The security risk posed by this issue is minimized when the User-ID Terminal Server Agent connectivity is restricted to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/ngfw/help/10-2/user-identification/device-user-identification-terminal-services-agents#:~:text=To%20minimize%20security%20risk%2C%20restrict%20TS%20Agent%20connectivity%20to%20trusted%20internal%20IP%20addresses%20only. .

Panorama is not impacted by this vulnerability.

Multiple denial of service vulnerabilities in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allow an unauthenticated attacker with network access to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition by sending specially crafted network traffic to or through a dataplane interface. Repeated attempts to trigger this condition result in the firewall entering maintenance mode.

Panorama is not impacted by these vulnerabilities.

A command injection vulnerability in the management plane of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated administrator to execute arbitrary OS commands as root.

The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access is restricted to a limited group of administrators.

This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).

Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access® are not impacted by this vulnerability.

A server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an authenticated administrator with network access to the management web interface to make unauthorized requests from the firewall to internal services.

The security risk posed by this issue is minimized when the management interface is restricted to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended  best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .

Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

An XML injection vulnerability in the Large Scale VPN (LSVPN) functionality of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker with network access to inject malicious XML content, potentially leading to information disclosure or corruption of internal LSVPN satellite data.

Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

A file deletion vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker with network access to the management web interface to delete files from a temporary directory.

The security risk posed by this issue is minimized by restricting access to the management web interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .

This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).

Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

An authentication bypass vulnerability in Large Scale VPN ( LSVPN) functionality of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software allows an attacker with network access to bypass security restrictions and establish an unauthorized site-to-site VPN connection.

Panorama, Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

An information disclosure vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker with network access to the management web interface to obtain web session tokens. This requires a legitimate user to first click on a malicious link provided by the attacker.

The security risk posed by this issue is minimized by restricting access to the management web interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .

This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).

Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

Multiple cross site scripting vulnerabilities in the User-ID™ Authentication Portal (aka Captive Portal) service, GlobalProtect™ gateway/portal features and Clientless VPN of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables a malicious unauthenticated user to store or execute malicious JavaScript payload.

The security risk posed by this issue is minimized when the management interface and access to the User-ID™ Authentication Portal is restricted to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .

This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).

Cloud NGFW is not affected by this vulnerability.

An IPv6 packet processing vulnerability in the dataplane of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an unauthenticated attacker to bypass firewall security policy enforcement, allowing network traffic that should be blocked to reach protected services.

Cloud NGFW and Panorama are not impacted by this vulnerability.

A command injection vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated administrator to bypass system restrictions and run arbitrary commands as a root user. To be able to exploit this issue, the user must have access to the PAN-OS CLI or Web UI.

The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access is restricted to a limited group of administrators and by restricting access to the management web interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .

This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).

Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not affected by this vulnerability.

A privilege escalation vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software allows an authenticated administrator with access to the Command Line Interface (CLI) to perform actions on the device with root privileges.

The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access is restricted to a limited group of administrators and by restricting access to the management interface to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .

This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).

Cloud NGFW, and Prisma® Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

A cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables a malicious authenticated administrator to store a JavaScript payload using the web interface.

This issue is applicable to PAN-OS software on PA-Series and VM-Series firewalls and on Panorama (virtual and M-Series).

Cloud NGFW and Prisma® Access are not affected by this vulnerability.

A privilege escalation vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software allows a PAN-OS administrator with access to the management web interface to perform actions on the firewall with root privileges.

Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

An authentication bypass in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS software enables an unauthenticated attacker with network access to the management web interface to gain PAN-OS administrator privileges to perform administrative actions, tamper with the configuration, or exploit other authenticated privilege escalation vulnerabilities like CVE-2024-9474 https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2024-9474 .

The risk of this issue is greatly reduced if you secure access to the management web interface by restricting access to only trusted internal IP addresses according to our recommended  best practice deployment guidelines https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/community-blogs/tips-amp-tricks-how-to-secure-the-management-access-of-your-palo/ba-p/464431 .

This issue is applicable only to PAN-OS 10.2, PAN-OS 11.0, PAN-OS 11.1, and PAN-OS 11.2 software.

Cloud NGFW and Prisma Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.

End of life: 7/30/2029, Latest version: 12.2.3